Focus on well-being, be happy

Rama Kashyap 

Retired associate professor of economics

Finland is the happiest country in the world as per the latest World Happiness Report released by the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network on March 14. It ranks 156 countries by their happiness levels covering the period 2015 to 2017. Norway, last year's winner, attains the second place followed by Denmark, Iceland and Switzerland, the Netherlands, Canada, New Zealand, Sweden and Australia. The list of the top 10 happiest countries, as ever, is dominated by the Nordics. On the other hand, people in Burundi are the unhappiest, followed by the Central African Republic (155), South Sudan (154), Tanzania (153), Yemen (152) and Rwanda (151). Sub-Saharan African nations continue to be the least happy in the world, reporting happiness levels even below the strife-torn Syria.

The USA, which ranked 14th last year, drops four places to be at the18th position in this year's  happiness ranking, showing Americans are getting less happy despite getting richer. The report is unhappy news for India, rather a grim one. India ranks at a lowly 133rd   position, registering a significant drop of 11 places from last year's 122nd rank.  Sadly, Indians are unhappier than most of their South Asian neighbours, including the citizens of Pakistan.

Why do the Nordic nations dominate the list of the 10 happiest nations? Why are Americans getting less happy? Why does India figure so low in the happiness ladder? The answer to these questions lies in the six factors considered in computing the happiness index: income (GDP per capita), healthy years of life expectancy, social support (as measured by having someone to count on in times of trouble), trust (as measured by a perceived absence of corruption in government and business), perceived freedom to make life decisions, and generosity (as measured by recent donations). Apart from the gross domestic product per person, and healthy life expectancy which are measured objectively, the last four factors are based upon global surveys. 

An analysis of the 2018 happiness list of the top 10 countries shows Europe's Nordic nations, none particularly diverse, have dominated the index. Four of these countries -- Denmark, Switzerland, Norway and now Finland -- have been in first place in the six World Happiness reports since the first report published in 2012. The top five countries have almost the same high values for all the six factors determining happiness; the differences being so small that jostling among the top five is expected every year. This domination demonstrates "Nordic happiness", according to Michael Birkjær, an analyst at the Happiness Research Institute in Copenhagen. This, he said, comes from "healthy amounts of personal freedom, trust (both in other people and in the system) and social security, which outweighs residents having to pay some of the highest taxes in the world."  Free of cost healthcare and university education has gone a long way in contributing to the happiness levels in these countries.

Finland is the top scorer. It is remarkable that this tiny country of 5.5 million people, tucked in a northern corner of Europe, is at the top though its GDP per capital is lower than its neighbouring Nordic countries and is much lower than that of the US. This shows that the Finns are good at converting wealth into well-being. Finland has the distinction of being not only the most stable, the safest and best governed country but it also is among the least corrupt and the most socially progressive nations in the world. Great educational facilities and access to free healthcare services have propelled Finland to rise from the last year's fifth rank to the top spot. 

Indians aren't a happy people, according to the report.  Placed at the 133rd rank, India lags behind all the SAARC nations barring war-torn Afghanistan which is ranked at 145. Among the SAARC nations, the Maldives does not figure in the report. Nepal, which is described as the 'poorest-of-poor', is at rank 101 in the 'joy' report. Bhutan, the pioneer in National Happiness, is at the 97th place and Bangladesh at 115. It means the less developed neighbours are better off than India. 

China has been placed at 86th rank, Sri Lanka at 116 and Myanmar, which is embroiled in ethnic violence, stands at 130th position. The most intriguing is the ranking of terror-ravaged Pakistan at 75, far ahead of India. India's per capita income is marginally more than its neighbour. One finds that India performs better than Pakistan in healthy life expectancy and freedom to make life choices but underperforms on other factors such as social support, generosity. As a result, over all happiness score of India turns out be 4.190 lagging significantly behind Pakistan's 5.472. 

The report points out a paradox about happiness in the world's largest economy, the USA. Despite being among the highest income per capita countries, America's happiness has been dented by weakening social support, perception of increasing government corruption and falling confidence in public institutions and also rising income inequality. While its per capita income is on the rise, subjective wellbeing is being systematically undermined by three interrelated epidemic diseases, notably obesity, substance abuse and depression. 

An analysis of the report shows that income is an important determinant of happiness but a high income is not a guarantee for happiness. To raise happiness, growth has to be translated into welfare. 

Factors of happiness:  

• Income 
• Healthy years of life expectancy 
• Social support 
• Trust 
• Perceived freedom to make life decisions
• Generosity