Early screening critical to curb risk of tuberculosis
Dr Rominder Kaur, additional director (pulmonology), Fortis Escorts Hospital talks about the need for awareness, early detection and collective responsibility in eliminating TB
As I reflect on the continued burden of tuberculosis (TB) in India, I am reminded that despite medical advancements, this disease still affects millions each year. With nearly 28 lakh new cases annually, India contributes over a quarter of the global TB burden. On World TB Day, I want to emphasise a simple yet powerful message: early screening can save lives and stop the spread.
TB is caused by bacteria that primarily attack the lungs but can also affect organs such as the spine, brain and kidneys. It spreads through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or even talks. What makes TB particularly dangerous is that its early symptoms are often mild and easily ignored, leading to delayed diagnosis and increased transmission.
In my clinical experience, many patients come to us only when the disease has significantly progressed. Early signs — such as a persistent cough lasting more than two weeks, low-grade evening fever, unexplained weight loss, night sweats, and constant fatigue — are frequently overlooked.
In some cases, patients may also notice blood in their sputum. Recognising these symptoms early and seeking timely medical advice can make a crucial difference.
While TB can affect anyone, certain groups are at higher risk. Individuals with weakened immune systems, including those suffering from diabetes or HIV, are more vulnerable. Malnutrition, smoking, and pre-existing lung conditions further increase susceptibility. Additionally, people living in overcrowded and poorly ventilated spaces face a greater risk of exposure.
Early diagnosis is the cornerstone of TB control. Today, we have access to reliable diagnostic tools such as sputum tests and chest X-rays. Government initiatives have made testing and treatment widely accessible and free of cost. However, delays in diagnosis can lead to severe complications, including drug-resistant TB, which is far more difficult to treat.
Treatment for TB requires a strict course of antibiotics for at least six months. It is important to complete the full course, even if patients start feeling better midway. Incomplete treatment can result in relapse and resistance, making future treatment more complex.
Preventing TB is equally important. Simple measures like covering one’s mouth while coughing, ensuring proper ventilation, maintaining good nutrition, and avoiding close contact with untreated patients can significantly reduce risk. Most importantly, anyone experiencing symptoms or at risk must come forward for early screening.
