The Third Battle of Panipat: A defining moment in Indian history

The Third Battle of Panipat, fought on January 14, 1761, was one of the largest and bloodiest conflicts in the Indian history. It was a decisive confrontation between the Maratha empire and the Durrani empire, led by Ahmad Shah Abdali (also known as Ahmad Shah Durrani). This epic battle marked a turning point in Indian history, shaping the political and military landscape of the subcontinent for years to come.

By the mid-18th century, the Maratha empire had become the dominant power in India, extending its influence across vast territories. However, the weakening Mughal empire had left northern India vulnerable to invasions. Ahmad Shah, the founder of the Durrani empire in Afghanistan, sought to expand his control into the region. Alarmed by the growing strength of the Marathas, Abdali formed alliances with key regional powers, including the Rohilla Afghans and Shuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Awadh.

The Marathas, under the leadership of Sadashivrao Bhau, mobilised a massive army to counter Abdali's advance. However, internal divisions and the lack of support from other Indian rulers weakened their position.

The two armies faced off on the plains of Panipat. Abdali's forces, estimated at 1,00,000 men, included Afghan tribesmen, Persian troops and Indian allies. The Marathas, with a similar number, fielded a disciplined army equipped with artillery and cavalry.

The battle began in the early hours of January 14, 1761, and raged throughout the day. The Marathas launched a fierce assault, initially gaining the upper hand. However, Abdali's superior military strategy and the betrayal of key Maratha allies turned the tide in his favour. The Maratha forces were outflanked and eventually overwhelmed by Abdali's relentless attacks.

The Third Battle of Panipat was a catastrophe for the Marathas. Estimates suggest that over 1,00,000 soldiers and civilians were killed, making it one of the deadliest battles in history. The Maratha leadership suffered devastating losses, including the death of Sadashivrao Bhau and Vishwasrao, the heir to the Maratha throne.

For Ahmad Shah, the victory ensured his dominance in northern India, but it came at a heavy cost. His army suffered significant casualties, and he struggled to maintain control over the region in the long term.

The defeat at Panipat marked the end of Maratha expansion in northern India. It left a power vacuum that was eventually filled by the British East India Company, which began its steady rise to dominance. The battle also exposed the fragmentation and lack of unity among Indian rulers, a factor that facilitated foreign invasions and colonisation.

The Third Battle of Panipat remains a poignant reminder of the complexities of Indian history. It symbolises both the valour and the vulnerabilities of its warriors, leaving a lasting imprint on the nation’s collective memory. The battle is commemorated as a pivotal moment that reshaped the course of the Indian history.