The yellow menace: A global health threat
Info Nuggets
Chandigarh, Updated At : 02:40 PM Feb 25, 2026 IST
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Yellow fever is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus, a Flavivirus and transmitted primarily by Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes. The disease is endemic to parts of Africa and South America and is recognised by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as a priority epidemic-prone disease due to its potential for rapid international spread.
The infection typically presents after an incubation period of 3-6 days. Initial symptoms include fever, chills, headache, muscle pain, nausea and vomiting. While many patients recover, about 15% progress to a toxic phase, characterised by jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes), internal bleeding, liver and kidney failure, and shock. The case fatality rate among severe cases can be 20-50%.
Yellow fever has no specific antiviral treatment; management is supportive, focusing on hydration, management of organ failure and prevention of secondary infections. Vaccination remains the most effective preventive measure. The live-attenuated 17D vaccine provides lifelong immunity in most individuals and is a cornerstone of outbreak control. Many countries require proof of yellow fever vaccination for travellers under the International Health Regulations (IHR).
The disease illustrates the close link between urbanisation, vector ecology, climate variability and global travel. Expansion of mosquito habitats due to climate change increases outbreak risk. Although India is not endemic, the presence of Aedes aegypti makes it vulnerable to potential introduction through international travel.
For UPSC, yellow fever is relevant under emerging and re-emerging diseases, vector-borne illnesses, global health governance (IHR), vaccination policy and One Health approach, especially in the context of climate change and pandemic preparedness.
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