Nearly one in four adults may have fatty liver disease: Data

Liver diseases are emerging as a significant public health concern in India, driven largely by changing lifestyles, poor dietary habits and rising metabolic disorders. Experts warn that a substantial proportion of the population may already be affected—often without noticeable symptoms.

Dr Varun Gupta, Senior Gastroenterologist and Hepatologist at Patel Hospital, Jalandhar, stated that the liver is one of the most vital and active organs in the human body, performing over 500 essential functions including digestion, detoxification, metabolism and immune regulation. “Despite its critical role, liver diseases often progress silently and are detected only at advanced stages,” he said.

Fatty liver emerging as a ‘silent epidemic’

According to recent data, nearly one in three to four Indian adults may have fatty liver disease. The condition is no longer limited to alcohol consumption and is increasingly linked to obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol and sedentary lifestyles. Medical experts now refer to this condition as Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD), reflecting its close association with metabolic health issues.

Global burden expected to rise sharply

Global studies indicate that approximately 1.3 billion people were affected by fatty liver disease in 2023, a number projected to rise to 1.8 billion by 2050. The increase is largely attributed to growing rates of obesity, insulin resistance and inactive lifestyles.

Hepatitis, cirrhosis remain major threats

Dr Gupta highlighted that Hepatitis B and C infections continue to be major contributors to liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. Early detection, vaccination (for Hepatitis B) and timely treatment can significantly reduce disease burden.

Alarming rise among younger population

Earlier considered a disease of middle age, liver disorders are now increasingly being diagnosed in individuals aged 20–40 years. Sedentary jobs, processed food consumption, stress and lack of physical activity are key contributing factors.

Early detection remains a challenge

One of the biggest challenges with liver diseases is the absence of symptoms in early stages. When present, symptoms may include fatigue, abdominal discomfort, loss of appetite and unexplained weight loss. “Routine health check-ups and liver function tests (LFTs) are crucial for early diagnosis,” Dr Gupta advised.

Lifestyle modification is key to prevention

Most liver diseases are preventable with simple lifestyle measures, including maintaining a balanced, low-sugar diet; regular physical activity; avoiding alcohol and smoking; managing body weight and blood sugar levels. In cases of end-stage liver disease, liver transplantation remains the only definitive treatment option. Advances in medical technology have improved success rates to nearly 90 per cent, offering patients a renewed chance at life. Experts emphasise that increasing awareness, timely screening and proactive lifestyle changes are essential to curb the growing burden of liver diseases in India.