The Tribune Interview: Dr Amit Singhal

In a conversation with The Tribune reporter, Dr Amit Singhal, Director and Chief Consultant, Gastroenterology, Premier Gastroenterology Institute (PGI) Hospital, Jalandhar, said that while occasional acidity or indigestion is common but frequent heartburn or acid reflux could indicate Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). He elaborated on the condition, its warning signs, underlying causes and available treatment options, stressing the importance of timely diagnosis and lifestyle modifications to prevent complications.

What is GERD? GERD occurs when stomach acid or digestive juices flow back (reflux) into the food pipe (oesophagus), because the muscle that normally prevents this (lower oesophageal sphincter) doesn’t close properly. Occasional acid reflux is common but when reflux happens frequently or repeatedly, it becomes GERD.

What are the common symptoms of GERD? The common symptoms are burning sensation or pain in chest (heartburn) often after meals or when lying down. The patient can feel regurgitation when sour or bitter fluid (or food) comes up into throat or mouth. There can be difficulty in swallowing, a feeling of food stuck in throat, throat irritation or hoarseness. Chronic cough, persistent sore throat, or frequent clearing of throat (especially if reflux occurs at night) can also occur.

What are the simple lifestyle steps that can make the patient feel better? The patients can eat smaller meals, avoid heavy or very large meals. They should not lie down soon after eating and wait at least 2–3 hours before bedtime. They must raise the head-end of their bed (about 6–8 inches) or use a wedge pillow / sleep on left side. The patients must avoid or limit common trigger foods and drinks like fatty/fried foods, spicy food, caffeine, alcohol, carbonated beverages, chocolate, mint/peppermint and acidic foods. They must maintain healthy weight and avoid tight clothes around waist. They should eat slowly, chew well, and avoid overeating. They must keep a diary and note down foods eaten. When symptoms appear, this can help identify personal triggers.

When should patients suffering from GERD see a doctor? The patients must consult a gastroenterologist if they experience frequent or severe heartburn or reflux (more than once a week), persistent regurgitation, bitter taste, or throat irritation, difficulty swallowing or constant throat discomfort, unexplained weight loss, vomiting, or other concerning symptoms. An untreated GERD may lead to complications like inflammation of the oesophagus, narrowing (strictures), ulcers, or long-term changes in oesophageal lining.