Causes, symptoms & modern treatment options of haemorrhoids

Piles, medically known as haemorrhoids, are swollen and inflamed veins in the anal region that can cause discomfort, pain and bleeding. The condition is common across all age groups and can range from mild irritation to severe pain, often affecting a person’s quality of life.

Piles occur when the veins around the anus or lower rectum become enlarged due to increased pressure. Common causes include straining during bowel movements, prolonged sitting, particularly on the toilet and chronic constipation or diarrhoea. Other contributing factors are obesity, pregnancy, aging and a low-fibre diet. People who frequently lift heavy objects are also at higher risk, as this can strain the abdominal and rectal muscles.

Doctors classify piles into four main types. External piles develop under the skin around the anus and often cause itching, pain and bleeding. Internal piles form inside the rectum and are usually painless, but may lead to bleeding. Prolapsed piles occur when internal piles protrude through the anus, resulting in mucus discharge and discomfort. Thrombosed piles are external piles that develop blood clots, appearing as painful, bluish lumps.

Typical symptoms include bright red bleeding during bowel movements, itching and discomfort while sitting or passing stool. Swelling or a lump around the anus and a feeling of incomplete bowel evacuation are also common signs.

Doctors recommend preventive measures such as consuming a high-fibre diet rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains to ease bowel movements. Drinking plenty of water, exercising regularly, maintaining a healthy weight and avoiding prolonged sitting on the toilet also help. Reducing the intake of alcohol, spicy and junk food further minimises the risk.

In recent years, laser treatment has emerged as an effective and safe option for patients with persistent or severe piles. This minimally invasive procedure uses laser energy to shrink the swollen tissue without the need for cuts or stitches. It causes minimal pain, offers faster recovery and reduces the chances of recurrence compared to conventional surgery.

With timely diagnosis, lifestyle changes and modern treatment methods like laser therapy, piles can be effectively managed, allowing patients to lead a pain-free and comfortable life.