Early diagnosis, lifestyle changes crucial in managing Alzheimer’s disease

Spotting subtle changes in memory, behaviour and mood could be instrumental in early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Ahead of the World Alzheimer’s Day, which is observed on September 21, experts at the All-India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) and volunteers at the Alzheimer’s and Related Disorders Society of India (ARDSI) have stressed on the importance of early detection, lifestyle changes and community support in managing Alzheimer’s disease.

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, the most common cause of dementia, characterised by amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain that damage neurons, leading to memory loss, impaired thinking and eventually loss of basic functions like swallowing or walking. Dementia is a broader term describing a set of symptoms involving significant cognitive decline that interferes with daily life.

With India hosting around 8.8 million elderly living with dementia — of which only 10 per cent are properly diagnosed — doctors urged families and the public to be aware of warning signs and take preventive steps, especially for younger individuals.

Dr Manjari Tripathi, Professor and Head of Neurology at AIIMS, New Delhi, highlighted that many cases go unnoticed because families attribute symptoms like forgetfulness or mood changes to aging.

“Early identification not only slows the progression but also helps maintain dignity and quality of life,” she said.

Early signs to watch for

Dr Tripathi advised paying attention to subtle changes in memory, behaviour and judgment. She explained that early symptoms include frequent forgetfulness, trouble finding words, difficulties with writing or speaking, and confusion. Personality changes such as increased suspicion, disinhibition or withdrawal from social activities are also warning signs.

“Any sudden change in behaviour, memory or decision-making, especially in those aged 55 or older, should be brought to the attention of a doctor,” she added.

She also pointed out that conditions like cataract or hearing loss may impair memory because sensory inputs are critical to recalling information. Untreated depression and stress are additional risk factors, she said.

What youngsters can do to prevent disease

The experts noted that lifestyle changes can significantly reduce the risk of dementia. Avoiding smoking and alcohol, staying physically active and managing conditions like diabetes and hypertension can lower the risk by 40–50 per cent.

A sedentary lifestyle, often common among youngsters, increases the risk, with prolonged sitting being likened to “the new smoking”.

Dr Tripathi encouraged adopting traditional diets rich in lentils, turmeric, nuts, fruits and fresh vegetables while limiting processed foods, refined oils and saturated fats. “Regular sleep of 7-8 hours is vital, as recent research shows that deep sleep helps flush out harmful proteins from the brain,” she added.

Is Alzheimer’s really preventable?

“Genes may load the gun, but lifestyle pulls the trigger,” said Dr Tripathi, emphasising that while genetics play a role, healthy habits can delay or prevent the onset of the disease. Engaging in cognitive activities like puzzles, learning new skills and maintaining social networks are equally important.

She urged the youngsters to contribute by volunteering and supporting caregivers like ARDSI, a daycare facility in Tughlaqabad Extension in New Delhi, which she said, is a model of community-based, dignified dementia support.