Asthma: Causes, symptoms, management strategies

Asthma is a significant global health concern with increasing prevalence rates across the world. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), asthma affects 300 million people, and in 2019, it was responsible for 455,000 deaths. Over 80% of asthma-related deaths occur in low- and lower-middle-income countries. In India, the prevalence is approximately 3%, equating to 30 million patients, with 2.4% of adults over 15 years affected and a varying prevalence between 4% and 20% in children.

Education for individuals with asthma and their families is key to understanding treatment options, identifying triggers, and managing symptoms effectively.

Asthma is a chronic lung disease that can affect individuals of all ages, causing inflammation and muscle tightening around the airways, making it difficult to breathe. Symptoms can include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness, which can range from mild to severe and fluctuate over time.

While asthma is a serious condition, it can be effectively managed with proper treatment. However, asthma is often under-diagnosed and under-treated, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Untreated asthma can lead to significant problems, including sleep disturbances, daytime fatigue, and poor concentration, which can result in missed work or school, and cause financial burdens for families and communities. In severe cases, asthma may require emergency medical care and hospitalization.

The symptoms of asthma can vary from person to person and can worsen significantly during an asthma attack, particularly at night or during physical activity. Other triggers include cold weather, respiratory infections, dust, smoke, pollen, animal fur, and even strong perfumes or soaps.

Various factors increase the risk of developing asthma, although the exact cause can be difficult to pinpoint. Genetics play a role, as asthma is more likely if a close family member (parent or sibling) has the condition. Those with other allergic conditions, such as eczema or rhinitis (hay fever), are also more likely to develop asthma. Urbanization and lifestyle factors contribute to an increased asthma prevalence, and early-life events such as low birth weight, exposure to tobacco smoke, air pollution, and respiratory infections can heighten the risk. Environmental allergens like house dust mites, molds, and occupational exposure to chemicals or dust further contribute to asthma risk. Additionally, children and adults who are overweight or obese are at a higher risk of developing asthma.

While asthma cannot be cured, it can be controlled with treatment. The most common treatment involves using an inhaler, which delivers medication directly to the lungs, allowing individuals with asthma to lead a normal, active life. Some people may need to use their inhaler daily, and using a spacer device with the inhaler can help make the medication more effective, particularly for children or during emergency situations. A simple homemade spacer can work just as well as commercially manufactured devices.

Access to inhalers remains a challenge in many countries. As of 2021, bronchodilators were available in primary healthcare facilities in half of low- and middle-income countries, while steroid inhalers were available in only a third.

Raising community awareness is crucial to dispelling the myths and stigma surrounding asthma. Education for individuals with asthma and their families is key to understanding treatment options, identifying triggers, and managing symptoms effectively. An asthma action plan provided by healthcare professionals can help people with asthma manage their condition and take control of their treatment, especially during worsening symptoms to prevent severe attacks.

In conclusion, asthma is a manageable condition, but it requires proper diagnosis, treatment, and education to ensure a better quality of life for sufferers.

(As told to Neha Saini)