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Expert demystifies diabetes; explains causes, symptoms, prevention

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DR DHIRAJ BHATIA
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WITH over 100 million people affected, India is known as the ‘diabetes capital of the world’. Dr Dhiraj Bhatia, a diabetologist at Global Hospital, Jalandhar, opines that with awareness, early detection and proper care, people can lead long and healthy lives and save themselves from the ‘silent killer’. According to a report, in 2024, diabetes was responsible for 3.4 million deaths worldwide. This translates to one death every nine seconds. Diabetes also accounted for an estimated $1.015 trillion in global health expenditure. Here he answers some common queries:

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Why does diabetes occur?

Diabetes is a chronic condition in which the body either does not produce enough insulin or cannot use it effectively. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar. When this balance is disrupted, blood glucose levels rise, leading to complications if not controlled. Poor lifestyle habits, a lack of physical activity, unhealthy diets and rising stress levels have made this condition more prevalent—even amongst young people. Family history and certain genes can also increase risk of diabetes. It can affect people of all age groups. Glucose comes to our body mainly from carbohydrates in our diet and drinks. Glucose is the source of energy. Our blood carries glucose to all body cells to use this energy. When glucose enters our bloodstream, it needs a key called insulin hormone to reach its destination. If pancreas is not making sufficient insulin or if our body is not able to use it properly, glucose level rises in our blood and causes diabetes.

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What are its types?

Diabetes is mainly of two kinds. Type-I diabetes is usually diagnosed in children or young adults. In this condition, the body stops producing insulin. Type-II diabetes is the more common one and usually develops in adults. The body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn’t produce enough in this condition.

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What are the symptoms of diabetes?

The common symptoms of diabetes include increased thirst and urination, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, slow-healing wounds and frequent infections. However, many people with Type-II diabetes have no symptoms in the early stages. This makes regular screening essential.

n Why is diabetes a cause of concern?

Diabetes is often called a ‘silent killer’. It affects millions without showing symptoms until complications arise. If left unmanaged, diabetes can lead to heart diseases and stroke, kidney failure, vision loss, blindness and nerve damage. Serious complications can lead to foot ulcers and amputations.

How can diabetes be prevented and managed?

Type-II diabetes can often be prevented or delayed. For this, the patient has to adopt a healthy diet. One should eat more fruits, vegetables, whole grains and reduce the intake of sugar and processed foods. It is important to do at least 30 minutes of brisk walking or physical activity for five days a week. Patients must also maintain a healthy weight. One must go for regular check-ups and get routine blood sugar tests done to prevent complications. If diagnosed, the doctor’s treatment plan must be followed. Sugar levels must be checked regularly.

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