All 30+ women must get annual Pap test to detect cervical cancer

Cervical cancer and breast cancer are the two most common forms of cancers in women. According to the World Health Organization, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women globally. Dr Yogesh Gauba, Senior Surgical Oncologist at Capitol Hospital, Jalandhar, answered some frequently asked questions on cervical cancer.

What is the cervix and what are the symptoms of cervical cancer?

The cervix is the lower-most part of the uterus (womb) and is commonly referred to as the “mouth of the uterus.” The most common symptom of cervical cancer is painless bleeding from the birth canal.

What causes cervical cancer?

Longstanding infection and inflammation of the cervix can gradually transform a healthy cervix into cancer. Most cases are caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).

How is cervical cancer diagnosed?

After examining a patient in the OPD, a biopsy of the cervix is performed to confirm cancer. Once confirmed, imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans are conducted to determine the stage of the disease.

How is cervical cancer treated?

In the initial stages (stage 0 or I), surgery is usually the best option. For stage II or III, radiation therapy, alone or combined with chemotherapy, becomes the preferred treatment.

What are the results of treatment?

As with any cancer, the outcome of cervical cancer treatment depends on the stage at diagnosis. Early-stage detection (stage 0 or I) has good results, but survival rates decrease as the disease progresses.

Can cervical cancer be prevented?

Yes. An HPV vaccine is available, which, when administered in two doses to young girls before the age of 12, can prevent future occurrences of cervical cancer. Its efficacy decreases after age 12. Women aged 30 and above should undergo an annual gynaecological examination, including a Pap (Papanicolaou) test, to detect cancer even at stage 0.

What is the common age at which women get affected with cervix cancer?

This cancer manifests in women in the age group of 35 and 45 years, though it can occur at any age. The average age of detection is around 50 years. It is rare in women under 20. It can occur in older women of over 65 years of age too.

What is your message to the society?

Early detection is key to successful cancer treatment. Awareness of cervical cancer symptoms, regular gynaecological check-ups and HPV vaccination for young girls are essential steps in prevention.