Early detection crucial for effective treatment of TB

In an interview with Manav Mander, Dr Ashish Chawla, the District TB Officer, offers insights into the state’s battle against tuberculosis. He discusses government’s ongoing initiatives to combat the disease

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Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most pressing public health challenges globally, with India bearing a significant share of the burden. In 2022, India recorded approximately 2.82 million new TB cases, resulting in an incidence rate of 199 cases per 100,000 population.

Despite substantial progress in medical research and public health initiatives, TB continues to claim lives, especially in vulnerable communities. Punjab, a proactive state in addressing this disease, has implemented several measures with the goal of eradicating TB by 2030.

TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily affects the lungs (pulmonary TB), it can also impact other organs such as the brain, spine and kidneys (extra pulmonary TB). The infection spreads through airborne particles released when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or even talks. Nearby individuals may inhale these germs and become infected.

Several factors contribute to the spread of TB. Overcrowded living conditions and poor ventilation facilitate its transmission. Malnutrition also plays a role, as it weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible. People with weakened immunity, such as those living with HIV/AIDS or diabetes, are at a higher risk. Furthermore, delayed diagnosis and treatment exacerbate the spread of TB.

Common symptoms of pulmonary TB include persistent coughing lasting more than two weeks, sometimes with blood, pain during coughing or deep breathing, fever and night sweats, significant weight loss without changes in diet and persistent tiredness and lack of energy.

Early detection is crucial for effective treatment and transmission prevention. TB is preventable and curable with timely medical intervention. Completing the full treatment course is essential to prevent drug-resistant TB strains. India’s National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) offers free TB diagnostic and treatment services and recorded an 87.6% treatment success rate in 2023.

Punjab has launched targeted programs to eliminate TB by 2030. The TB Control Program in the state is leading the charge with innovative interventions aimed at eradicating the disease.

Key initiatives of this program include:

n Digital Interventions: The use of Electronic Medical Records (EMR) and Health Management Information Systems (HMIS) to efficiently track patients.

n Community Engagement: Asha Workers and NTEP staff conduct door-to-door screenings for early detection.

n Free Healthcare Services: Over 1,500 public and private healthcare facilities provide free TB diagnosis and treatment.

Ludhiana, Punjab’s largest city, is actively involved in TB control efforts. Healthcare facilities in the city utilise digital health records and community screenings, significantly improving detection and treatment success rates.